Nürnberg, 1492

Nürnberg, Germanisches National Museum

Spherical reproductions:

Three reproductions were made: one in 1847 for E.F. Jomard (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris); and two made in 1892 (National Museum, Washington and in Portugal)–Destombes, Marcel, ed., Mappemondes A.D. 1200-1500, 235

Flat reproductions:

Murr, Christoph Georg von, Diplomatische Geschichte des portuguesischen berühmten Ritter Martin Behaim aus Originalurkunden (Nürnberg, 1778)

Ghillany, Friedrich Wilhelm, Geschichte des Seefahrers Ritter Martin Behaim nach den ältesten vorhandenen Urkunden bearbeitet (Nürnberg: Bauer und Rspe, 1853)

Jomard, Edme François, Les Monuments de la géographie ou recueil d’anciennes cartes publiées en fac-simile de la grandeur des originaux (Paris: Dupart et al., 1842-62), original size

Ravenstein, Ernest George, Martin Behaim, his life and his globe (London: G. Philip and Son, 1908); coloured, after the reproduction from Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris

Muris, Oswald "Der ‘Erdapfel’ des Martin Behaim,"Ibero-amerikanisches Archiv, Berlin, XVII (1943), 1-64; photographs, significantly reduced size in comparison with the original size; the only reproduction made after the last renovation; difficult to read names and legends

Bagrow, Leo, History of Cartography (Cambridge, Mssachusetts: Harvard UP, 1964), pl. LV (detail showing the coats of southern Africa as discovered by the Potrugese up to the voyage of Bartolomeu Dias, 1487-88)

Schnelbögl, Fritz, Dokumente zur Nürnberger Kartographie (Nürnberg: Selbstverlag der Stadtbibliothek, 1966), 51

Grecos Turcos, Carlos A., Los mapas, fig. 23

Thrower, Norman J.W., Maps and Man. An Examination of Cartography in Relation to Culture and Civilization(Prentice Hall, 1972), fig. 5.3

Photographs:

Schnelbögl, Fritz, Dokumente zur Nürnberger Kartographie, Nürnberg: Selbstverlag der Stadtbibliothek, 1966, 51

Reproductions of details:

Wolff, Hans, "America-Early Images," in Wolff, Hans (ed.), America. Early Maps of the New World, Munich: Prestel, 1992, 24 (the Old World); 25 (the "Western Sea" between Europe/Africa and the Fra East); globe gores (the "Western Sea")

Bibliography:

Murr, Christoph Georg von, Diplomatische Geschichte des portuguesischen berühmten Ritter Martin Behaim aus Originalurkunden (Nürnberg, 1778)

Ghillany, Friedrich Wilhelm, Geschichte des Seefahrers Ritter Martin Behaim nach den ältesten vorhandenen Urkunden bearbeitet (Nürnberg: Bauer und Raspe, 1853)

Günther, Siegmund, Martin Behaim (Bamberg: Buchnersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1890)

Wagner, Hermann, "Die Rekonstruktion der Toscanelli Karte v.J. 1474 und die Pseudo-Facsimilia des Behaim-Globus v.J. 1492," Nachrichten von der Königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, 1894

Ravenstein, Ernest George, Martin Behaim, his life and his globe, London: G. Philip and Son, 1908

Stevenson, Edward Luther, Description of early maps, originals and facsimiles (1452-1611), being a part of the permanent wall exhibition of the American geographical society, 2 vols. (New Haven: Yale UP, 1921), vol. I, 47-52

Kolhausen, H. "Die Erdapfel Martin Behaims von Jahre 1492," Atlantis, Leipzig, X (1938), 114-117

Wittkower, Rudolf, "Marvels of the East: A Study in the History of Monsters," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 5 (1942), note 6 on pp. 194-195

Muris, Oswald "Der ‘Erdapfel’ des Martin Behaim," Ibero-amerikanisches Archiv, Berlin, XVII (1943), 1-64

Bagrow, Leo, History of Cartography (Cambridge, Mssachusetts: Harvard UP, 1964), 106-107

Fauser, Alois, Aeltere Erd- und Himmelsgloben in Bayern, 1964, 52f.

Raisz, Erwin, Mapping the world, New York: Abelard-Schuman, 1956, 51-52

Martin Behaim und die Nürnberger Kosmographen (Nürnberg: Germanisches National Museum, 1957)

Kallenbenz, H., "Portugiesische Forschungen und Quellen zur Behaimfrage," Nürnberger Mitteilungen, Nürnberg, XLVIII (1958), 79-95

Winter, Heinrich, "Martin Behaim: Geschichte und Legende," Die Erde, Berlin, XC (1959), 359-362

Crone, Gerald R., "Martin Behaim, navigator and cosmographer; historical personage or figment of the imagination," Actas Congresso internac. hist. dos descobrimentos, vol 2, Lisbon, 1960

Muris O. and G. Saarmann, Der Globus im Wandel der Zeiten, 1961, 47-62

Skelton, Raleigh Ashlin, "The cartographic record of the discovery of North America: some problems and paradoxes," Congresso internacional de historia dos descobrimentos. Actas, Lisboa, 1961, vol. II, 343-363

Winter, Heinrich, "New Light on the Behaim problem," Congresso international de historia dos descobrimentos. Actas, Lisboa, 1961, vol. II, 399-410

Crone, Gerald Roe, "Martin Behaim, navigator and cosmographer: figment of imagination or historical personnage?" Congresso international de historia dos descobrimentos. Actas, Lisboa, 1961, vol. II, 117-133

Destombes, Marcel, ed., Mappemondes A.D. 1200-1500. Catalogue prépare par la Commission des Cartes Anciennes de l’Union Géographique Internationale (Amsterdam: N. Israel, 1964), 52.18

Fauser, A., Aeltere Erd- und Himmelsgloben in Bayern, 1964, 14, 52f

Schnelbögl, Fritz, Dokumente zur Nürnberger Kartographie, Nürnberg: Selbstverlag der Stadtbibliothek, 1966, 7, 50

Cumming, William P, R. A. Skelton and D. B. Quinn, The Discovery of North America, London, 1971, 214 f.

Thrower, Norman J.W., Maps and Man. An Examination of Cartography in Relation to Culture and Civilization (Prentice Hall, 1972), 48-50

Davies, A., "Behaim, Martellus and Columbus," The Geographical Journal 143 (1977), 451-459

+ Pilz 1977, 106 ff.

Tooley, Ronald V., Maps and Map-makers, 6th ed., London: B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1978, 25

Crone, Gerald R., Maps and their Makers. An Introduction to the history of Cartography, 5th edition, Dawson, Archon Books, 1978, Chapter IV

+ Schmitz and Krafft 1980, chap. by J. Willers and F. Hellwig, 193-210

Moreland, Carl and David Bannister, Antique maps. A Collector’ Handbook, London & New York: Longman, 1983, 54

+ L. Zoegner in Kretschmer 1991, 28f., pl. VI, 2

Flint, Valerie, I. J., The Imaginative Landscape of Christopher Columbus, Princeton UP, 1992, 5

Focus Behaim-Globus. Ausstellung vom 2.12.1993-28.02.1993: German Nationalmuseum Nürnberg, Nürnberg: Verlag des Germ. Nationalmuseums, 1992

Wolff, Hans, "America-Early Images," in Wolff, Hans (ed.), America. Early Maps of the New World, Munich: Prestel, 1992, 25

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ca. 1493

Bibliography:

Avezac, "Sur le globe terrestre trouvé à Laon, antérieur à la découverte de l’Amérique," Bulletin de la Société de Géographie, 4ème série, XX (Paris 1860), 398-424, pl. p. 460

Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik, Periplus, an essay on the early history of charts and sailing directions (Stockholm, 1897), 73, fig. 41

Destombes, Marcel, ed., Mappemondes A.D. 1200-1500. Catalogue prépare par la Commission des Cartes Anciennes de l’Union Géographique Internationale (Amsterdam: N. Israel, 1964), Appendice, 236

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1507, Strassburg?

180 x 345 mm

[set of twelve gores]

(Shirley, 27)

Reproductions:

Bagrow, Leo, History of Cartography, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 1964, fig. 30 (woodcut globe gores)

Stevenson, Edward Luther, Terrestrial and celestial globes; their history and construction, 2 vols., New Haven, published for the Hispanic Society of America by the Yale University Press, 1921; reprinted 1971, fig. 32

Shirley, Rodney W. The mapping of the world: early printed world maps 1472-1700 (London: Holland Press, 1983), pl. 30

Wolff, Hans (ed.), America. Early Maps of the New World, Munich: Prestel, 1992, frontispice (globe gores), 116

Bibliography:

* Harrisse, 67 and 82

Kraus, H. P., Catalogue 124, Supplement 1

Stevenson, Edward Luther, Terrestrial and celestial globes; their history and construction, 2 vols., New Haven, published for the Hispanic Society of America by the Yale University Press, 1921; reprinted 1971, 70-71

Wagner, Henry R., The Cartography of the Northwest Coast of America to the Year 1800, 2 vols., Berkeley, 1937; reprinted 1968, 1

Shirley, Rodney W. The mapping of the world: early printed world maps 1472-1700 (London: Holland Press, 1983), 29-30

Franz G. Kaltwasser, "The Acquisition of Martin Waldseemüller’s 1507 Globe Gores by the Bavarian State Library," in Wolff, Hans (ed.), America. Early Maps of the New World, Munich: Prestel, 1992, 7-9

Wolff, Hans, "Martin Waldseemüller, The Most Important Cartographer in a Period of Dramatic Scientific Change," in Hans Wolff (ed.), America. Early Maps of the New World, Munich: Prestel, 1992, 116

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1509, Strassburg

95 mm in diameter

[no title]

in Globus Mundi . . .

(Shirley, 30)

Copies:

University Library, Cambridge

Reproductions:

Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik, Facsimile Atlas to the early history of cartography, with reproductions of the most important maps printed in the XV and XVI centuries, Stockholm, 1889, fig. 22

Bibliography:

* Harrise, 79 and 80

Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik, Facsimile Atlas to the early history of cartography, with reproductions of the most important maps printed in the XV and XVI centuries, Stockholm, 1889, 41-42

Sabin, J., A Dictionary of Books relating to America, New York, 1868-1936; reprinted 1961-1962, 27583

Shirley, Rodney W. The mapping of the world: early printed world maps 1472-1700 (London: Holland Press, 1983), 33

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ca. 1510

ca. 7.3 cm in diameter

University Library in Cracow

Bibliography:

+ F. Wawrik in Lexikon 1986, 199

Wolff, Hans, "Martin Waldseemüller, The Most Important Cartographer in a Period of Dramatic Scientific Change," in Hans Wolff (ed.), America. Early Maps of the New World, Munich: Prestel, 1992, 122

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ca. 1510

Reproductions:

Kretschmer, Konrad, Die Entdeckung Amerikas in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, Berlin 1892 [atlas], pl. XI, 1

Muris, Oswald and Saarmann Gert, Der Globus im Wandel der Zeit Berlin und Beutelsbach bei Stuttgart: Columbus Verlag Paul Oestergaard KG, 1961, 71, fig. 6

Lindgren, Uta, "Trial and Error in the Mapping of America during the Early Modern Period," in Wolff, Hans (ed.), America. Early Maps of the New World, Munich: Prestel, 1992, 147

Bibliography:

Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik, Facsimile Atlas to the early history of cartography, with reproductions of the most important maps printed in the XV and XVI centuries, Stockholm, 75.

Shirley, Rodney W. The mapping of the world: early printed world maps 1472-1700 (London: Holland Press, 1983), 43

Lindgren, Uta, "Trial and Error in the Mapping of America during the Early Modern Period," in Wolff, Hans (ed.), America. Early Maps of the New World, Munich: Prestel, 1992, 148

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ca. 1513-1515

wood

24 cm in diameter

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris

Bibliography:

Muris, Oswald and Saarmann Gert, Der Globus im Wandel der Zeit Berlin und Beutelsbach bei Stuttgart: Columbus Verlag Paul Oestergaard KG, 1961, 85

Wolff, Hans, "Martin Waldseemüller, The Most Important Cartographer in a Period of Dramatic Scientific Change," in Hans Wolff (ed.), America. Early Maps of the New World, Munich: Prestel, 1992, 113

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ca. 1514-1518

terrestrial globe

11 cm in diameter

New York Public Library

Reproductions:

Lindgren, Uta, "Trial and Error in the Mapping of America during the Early Modern Period," in Wolff, Hans (ed.), America. Early Maps of the New World, Munich: Prestel, 1992, 147

Reproductions of details:

Tooley, Ronald V., "The Strait that never was. The first of a series on geographical misconceptions," The Map Collector 2 (March 1978), 4 (the outline of America)

Bibliography:

Wolff, Hans, "Martin Waldseemüller, The Most Important Cartographer in a Period of Dramatic Scientific Change," in Hans Wolff (ed.), America. Early Maps of the New World, Munich: Prestel, 1992, 122

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Globus-Karte

ca. 1515

Reproductions:

Kretschmer, Konrad, Die Entdeckung Amerikas in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, Berlin 1892 [atlas], pl. XI, 3

Lindgren, Uta, "Trial and Error in the Mapping of America during the Early Modern Period," in Wolff, Hans (ed.), America. Early Maps of the New World, Munich: Prestel, 1992, 147

Bibliography:

Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik, Facsimile Atlas to the early history of cartography, with reproductions of the most important maps printed in the XV and XVI centuries, Stockholm, 1889, 77

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1515

Reproductions:

Kretschmer, Konrad, Die Entdeckung Amerikas in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, Berlin 1892 [atlas], pl. XI, no. 4

Lindgren, Uta, "Trial and Error in the Mapping of America during the Early Modern Period," in Wolff, Hans (ed.), America. Early Maps of the New World, Munich: Prestel, 1992, 147

Reproductions of details:

Tooley, Ronald V., "The Strait that never was. The first of a series on geographical misconceptions," The Map Collector 2 (March 1978), 4 (western hemisphere)

Bibliography:

Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik, Facsimile Atlas to the early history of cartography, with reproductions of the most important maps printed in the XV and XVI centuries, Stockholm, 1889, 78-79

Bagrow, Leo, History of Cartography, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 1964, 127

Tooley, Ronald V., "The Strait that never was. The first of a series on geographical misconceptions," The Map Collector 2 (March 1978), 7

Tooley, Ronald V., Maps and map-makers, 6th ed., London: B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1978, 25

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1520

Reproductions:

Kretschmer, Konrad, Die Entdeckung Amerikas in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, Berlin 1892 [atlas], pl. XI/4 and XIII

Fauser, Alois, Aeltere Erd- und Himmelsgloben in Bayern, 1964, 123f., fig. 3

Lindgren, Uta, "Trial and Error in the Mapping of America during the Early Modern Period," in Wolff, Hans (ed.), America. Early Maps of the New World, Munich: Prestel, 1992, 148

Reproductions of details:

Tooley, Ronald V., "The Strait that never was. The first of a series on geographical misconceptions," The Map Collector 2 (March 1978), 5 (western hemisphere)

Bibliography:

+ Wieser 1881

Tooley, Ronald V., "The Strait that never was. The first of a series on geographical misconceptions," The Map Collector 2 (March 1978), 7

+ F. Wawrik in Lexikon zur 1986, 711f.

+ W. Dolz in Kretschmer 1991, 35

+ article by U. Lindgren, 148 ff.

Wolff, Hans, "America-Early Images," in Wolff, Hans (ed.), America. Early Maps of the New World, Munich: Prestel, 1992, 48

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ca. 1523

ca. 37 cm in diameter

Bibliography:

Wolff, Hans, "Martin Waldseemüller, The Most Important Cartographer in a Period of Dramatic Scientific Change," in Hans Wolff (ed.), America. Early Maps of the New World, Munich: Prestel, 1992, 122

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1523

Nuremberg

Reproductions:

Bagrow, Leo, History of Cartography, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 1964, fig. 40 (woodcut globe gores)

Bibliography:

Bagrow, Leo, History of Cartography, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 1964, 127

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1524

a sketch for a globe

Reproductions:

Lindgren, Uta, "Trial and Error in the Mapping of America during the Early Modern Period," in Wolff, Hans (ed.), America. Early Maps of the New World, Munich: Prestel, 1992, 149

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globe segments

Nuremberg, 1535

Reproductions:

Lindgren, Uta, "Trial and Error in the Mapping of America during the Early Modern Period," in Wolff, Hans (ed.), America. Early Maps of the New World, Munich: Prestel, 1992, 156 (America)

Bibliography:

+ Shirlet 1984, 79 ff.

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1536

Cologne

Reproductions:

Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik, Facsimile Atlas to the early history of cartography, with reproductions of the most important maps printed in the XV and XVI centuries, Stockholm, 1889, pl. XL

Bibliography:

Shirley, Rodney W. The mapping of the world: early printed world maps 1472-1700 (London: Holland Press, 1983), 82 f.

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1540

Nuremberg

Reproductions:

Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik, Facsimile Atlas to the early history of cartography, with reproductions of the most important maps printed in the XV and XVI centuries, Stockholm, 1889, pl. XL, 1

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1542

Library of the New York Historical Society

Reproductions of details:

Wilma, George, Animals and maps, fig. 7.12 (western part of Africa: pelican, snakes, dragons, lions and hippopotamus)

Bibliography:

Bagrow, Leo, History of Cartography, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 1964, 130 [Caspar Vopel]

Wilma, George, Animals and maps, 136, 139, 142, 150, 164

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1544

Bibliography:

Bagrow, Leo, History of Cartography, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 1964, 130

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JOHANNES SCHÖNER (d. 1547)

1520

Reproductions of details:

Schnelbögl, Fritz, Dokumente zur Nürnberger Kartographie, Nürnberg: Selbstverlag der Stadtbibliothek, 1966, 53 (Europe)

Bibliography:

Muris O. and G. Saarmann, Der Globus im Wandel der Zeiten, 1961, 78-83

Bonacker, W., "Der Erdglobus von Johann Schöner aus dem Jahre 1520," Mitt. d. Ver. F. Geschichte der Stadt Nürnberg 51 (1962), 441 f.

Fauser, A., Aeltere Erd- und Himmelsgloben in Bayern, 1964, 14f., 123f

Schnelbögl, Fritz, Dokumente zur Nürnberger Kartographie, Nürnberg: Selbstverlag der Stadtbibliothek, 1966, 7-8, 52

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1533

Opusculum geographicum, Nuremberg

Bibliography:

Bagrow, Leo, History of Cartography, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 1964, 127

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GEORG HARTMANN (d. 1564)

1538

Himmelblobus

Bibliography:

Schnelbögl, Fritz, Dokumente zur Nürnberger Kartographie, Nürnberg: Selbstverlag der Stadtbibliothek, 1966, 8

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GEORG HARTMANN (d. 1564)

1547

Himmelsglobus

Bibliography:

Schnelbögl, Fritz, Dokumente zur Nürnberger Kartographie, Nürnberg: Selbstverlag der Stadtbibliothek, 1966, 8

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CHRISTIAN HEYDEN (1526-1576)

Himmelglobus

1560

Bibliography:

Schnelbögl, Fritz, Dokumente zur Nürnberger Kartographie, Nürnberg: Selbstverlag der Stadtbibliothek, 1966, 8

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CHRISTIAN HEYDEN (1526-1576)

1570

Bibliography:

Schnelbögl, Fritz, Dokumente zur Nürnberger Kartographie, Nürnberg: Selbstverlag der Stadtbibliothek, 1966, 8

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JOHANN PRAETORIUS (1537-1616)

1566

Himmelglobus

Reproductions:

Schnelbögl, Fritz, Dokumente zur Nürnberger Kartographie, Nürnberg: Selbstverlag der Stadtbibliothek, 1966, 81

Bibliography:

Schnelbögl, Fritz, Dokumente zur Nürnberger Kartographie, Nürnberg: Selbstverlag der Stadtbibliothek, 1966, 8, 80

Fauser, Alois, Aeltere Erd- und Himmelsgloben in Bayern, 1964

Klee, Fr., Die Geschichte der Physik an der Universität Altdorf bis zum Jahre 1650, 1908, 86

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JOHANN PRAETORIUS (1537-1616)

1568

Bibliography:

Schnelbögl, Fritz, Dokumente zur Nürnberger Kartographie, Nürnberg: Selbstverlag der Stadtbibliothek, 1966, 8

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1576

Library of the Bavarian Ducal Court

Reproductions:

Wolff, Hans, "America-Early Images," in Wolff, Hans (ed.), America. Early Maps of the New World, Munich: Prestel, 1992, 91

Reproductions of details:

Wolff, Hans, "America-Early Images," in Wolff, Hans (ed.), America. Early Maps of the New World, Munich: Prestel, 1992, 92 (central America with the northern part of southern America; southern part of south America with the coast of Terra Australis)

Bibliography:

+ Günther 1882, 127 f.

Fauser, Alois, Aeltere Erd- und Himmelsgloben in Bayern, 1964, 48f.

+ Fauser 1967, 84 ff.

Seifert, Traudl, Die Karte als Kunstwerk, Exhibition catalogue 28, Munich. Bayer. Staatsbibliothek, Unterschneidheim, 1979, 152

+ Wolff 1989, 153 ff.

Wolff, Hans, "America-Early Images," in Wolff, Hans (ed.), America. Early Maps of the New World, Munich: Prestel, 1992, 91

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celestial globe

1592

Reproductions:

The Map Collector 1 (Dec. 1977), 17

Bibliography:

"Globes at Drake Collection," The Map Collector, 1 (Dec. 1977), 17

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1620

Bibliography:

Schnelbögl, Fritz, Dokumente zur Nürnberger Kartographie, Nürnberg: Selbstverlag der Stadtbibliothek, 1966, 9

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1603

Bibliography:

"Globes at Drake Exhibition," The Map Collector, 1 (Dec. 1977), 17

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1622

terrestrial globe

Reproductions:

The Map Collector 7 (June 1879), 35

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ca. 1640

celestial globe

Reproductions:

The Map Collector 7 (June 1979), 35

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1620

Nuremberg

presented in 1632 to Gustavus Adolphus

Stockholm, Kungl. Husgeräds-Kammaren

Reproductions:

Bagrow, Leo, History of Cartography, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 1964, pl. CXII

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1675 (1625?)

Bibliography:

Schnelbögl, Fritz, Dokumente zur Nürnberger Kartographie, Nürnberg: Selbstverlag der Stadtbibliothek, 1966, 34

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1660

Bibliography:

Schnelbögl, Fritz, Dokumente zur Nürnberger Kartographie, Nürnberg: Selbstverlag der Stadtbibliothek, 1966, 34

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1683

2 globes

4.87 m in diameter

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris

Reproductions:

Wallis, Helen, "The Ressurection of Cornelli’s Great Globes," The Map Collector 13 (Dec. 1980), 22

Reproductions of details:

Wallis, Helen, "The Ressurection of Cornelli’s Great Globes," The Map Collector 13 (Dec. 1980), 23 (the Philippines and some sailing ships)

Bibliography:

Wallis, Helen, "The Ressurection of Cornelli’s Great Globes," The Map Collector 13 (Dec. 1980), 22-26

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1700

Bibliography:

Schnelbögl, Fritz, Dokumente zur Nürnberger Kartographie, Nürnberg: Selbstverlag der Stadtbibliothek, 1966, 34

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