Women's
Health, Studies, and Feminist Ethics
Sex Work: Europe
European Centre for Sex Work
Research and Policy[1]
Index
Research
and cross country comparisons
Scandinavia
and Nordic Council Countries
European
Protocols
European
Community Treaty (1957)
RIGHT
OF ESTABLISHMENT
Within the
framework of the provisions set out below, restrictions on the freedom of
establishment of nationals of a
Freedom of
establishment shall include the right to take up and pursue activities as
self-employed persons and to set up and manage undertakings, in particular
companies or firms within the meaning of the second paragraph of Article 48,
under the conditions laid down for its own nationals by the law of the country
where such establishment is effected, subject to the provisions of the chapter
relating to capital.
SERVICES
Within the framework of the provisions set
out below, restrictions on freedom to provide services within the Community
shall be prohibited in respect of nationals of Member States who are
established in a State of the Community other than that of the person for whom
the services are intended.
The Council may, acting by a qualified
majority on a proposal from the Commission, extend the provisions of the
Chapter to nationals of a third country who provide services and who are
established within the Community.
EU Charter of
Fundamental Rights 2000 (pdf)
Article 15
Freedom
to choose an occupation and right to engage in work
1.
Everyone has the right to engage in work and to pursue a freely chosen or
accepted occupation.
2.
Every citizen of the Union has the freedom to seek employment, to work, to
exercise the right of establishment and to provide services in any
3.
Nationals of third countries who are authorised to work in the territories of
the Member States are entitled to working conditions equivalent to those of
citizens of the
Convention
for the Protection of Human Rights 2003 (pdf)
Article 8 . Right to respect for private and family
life
1. Everyone
has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his
correspondence.
2. There
shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right
except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic
society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic
well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the
protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and
freedoms of others.
Case
Law
European Court of Human Rights
Niemietz v. Germany Dec 16 1992. 16 Eur
Hum Rts Rep 97 [1993]
1.
The Court does not
consider it possible or necessary to attempt an exhaustive definition of the
notion of "private life". However, it would be too restrictive to
limit the notion to an "inner circle" in which the individual may
live his own personal life as he chooses and to exclude therefrom entirely the
outside world not encompassed within that circle. Respect for private life must also
comprise to a certain degree the right to establish and develop relationships
with other human beings.
European Court of Justice
C-268/99
Jany and Others (20 November 2001) 2002/C 3/11 (pdf)
4. The
activity of prostitution pursued in a self-employed capacity can be regarded as
a service provided for remuneration and is therefore covered by both those
expressions
5. …that
prostitution is an economic activity pursued by a self-employed person as
referred to in those provisions, where it is established that it is being
carried on by the person providing the service:
— outside
any relationship of subordination concerning the choice of that activity, working
conditions and conditions of remuneration;
— under
that person’s own responsibility; and
— in
return for remuneration paid to that person directly and in full.
Organisations
Europap: HIV STD prevention in sex work
European
Overview of HIV and Sex Work 2007 (pdf)
Sex Work|Migration|Health 2009 (pdf)
ICRSE:
International Committee on the Rights of Sex Workers in Europe
Sex Workers' Rights. European Conference, Brussels 2005 (pdf)
Correlation:
European Network Social Inclusion and Health
La
Strada International: European Network Against Trafficking in Human Beings
ENATW:
European Network Against Trafficking in Women for
sexual exploitation
European
Union
European Commission
Brussels
declaration on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings 2002 (pdf)
Report of the Experts Group on
Trafficking in Human Beings 2004
European Parliament
Summary of prostitution regulation in European States. 2004
Study on
National Legislation on Prostitution and Trafficking 2005 (pdf)
Women's
Rights and Gender Equality Committee (FEMM)
Draft
report on the consequences of the sex industry in the European Union: 2004 (pdf)
Oral Question on forced prostitution and sport. Tabled
January 27 2006 (pdf)
Motion: February 1 2006
Red
Card: Forced prostitution and sport March 8 2006
Prostitution and
its health consequences March 21 2008
Oral
question: Forced prostitution and trafficking in women. June 4 2008
Council of Europe
Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings
Convention
2005
PACE: Prostitution - which stance to take? July 2007 (Platvoet report)
Together for a Europe
Free From Prostitution
Daniela Danna: The
position of prostitutes in European countries. 2000
(Impure Morals: Policies on prostitution in the
European Union in the Nineties)
Le politiche
sulla prostituzione
in Europa negli anni Novanta, Tesi di dottorato di ricerca in Sociologia e ricerca sociale presso l'Università degli studi di Trento, 2001 (zip)[2]
Danna (ed.):
Prostitution and public life in four European Capitals 2007 (pdf)[3]
(
Kilvington, Day, Ward: Prostitution policy in Europe. Fem
Rev 2001 (pdf)
(
Susanne Dodillet
Susanne
Dodillet: Cultural clash on prostitution - debates in
Germany and Sweden in the 1990s. 2004 (pdf)[4]
Är sex arbete?
Svensk och tysk prostitutionspolitik sedan
1970-talet (2009)
(Is sex work? Swedish and German prostitution
policy since the 1970s)
(
ESF:
Exploring and comparing prostitution policy regimes in Europe. 2010 (programme)
Migration and Trafficking
Andrew Cockayne: Is the EU response to trafficking appropriate to
the realities. 2002 (Word)
European Conference on Preventing and Combatting Trafficking 2002.
Panel 2 Victim protection (pdf)
Musacchio: Migration connected with trafficking and
prostitution. German Law Journal 2004
Resources
Andrew Cockayne,
Sex
work and sexual exploitation in the European Union 2002
Cross-country Comparisons
Les
maisons closes en Europe: Fondation
Scelles
Selling
sex legally in New Zealand. BBC March 17 2009
Europe
and New Zealand poles apart. BBC March 18
Emma
Dahlin. Prostitution in Germany and Sweden: What is
right and what is wrong, 2008
Regions
Western
Europe
Austria
Eingabe vom Sexworker-Forum
an UNCAT/Submission from Sexworker-Forum to UNCAT[5]
2010 (pdf)
(English with German summary)
Belgium
Services
Gh@pro: Antwerp health services (Flemish, French, English)
Research
Stevens and Hooghe: Regulation of sexuality and intimacy in Belgium
1973-2003
Theses
Mak.
Specific health services for sex workers. U Gent 2004
Law
Rezguia Adoui v. Belgium. European Court of Justice 1982
Media
Sex
workers provide services to disabled. Telegraph Sept 29 2007
France
Law and
policy
English
summary of Appendix 4 Comparison of European Countries ( SOS
femmes accueil)
Chantal Brunel MP: Tête de l’observatoire de la parité
Chantal
Brunel meets with STRASS over LSI. February 17 2010
Media
Bring
back the brothel, says female French MP. Guardian March 18 2010
Fermées il
y a soixante ans, les maisons closes font encore débat.
Le Parisien March 19
Manifestation à Paris pour réclamer
des droits sociaux pour les
prostituées. AFP March 24
Décriminalisez entièrement le travail du sexe. le Monde Dec 15
A Lyon, le trottoir bat le pavé. Libération
March 21 2011
Prostitution : Bachelot veut punir le client, L'indépendant March 31
Des
députés veulent
punir les clients des prostituées. L'indépendant
April 13
C'est une politique moraliste
qui ne se soucie pas des travailleurs
du sexe. Libération
April 14
La
pénalisation des clients, c'est
le sens du progrès. Libération April 14
Organisations
(inactive)
STRASS
(Syndicat du Travail Sexuel)
Sex worker protest,
Lyon
History
William
Acton on Prostitution in France 1857
Articles
Mathieu
L. Women beyond the pale. Le Monde diplomatique
Oct 2003 (abstract)
L Mathieu. L’abolitionnisme contemporain commet
une double erreur.
Alternative Libertaire 2010
Research
Gill
Allwood. Prostitution debates in France. Contemporary
Politics 2004 (pdf)
(text)
Reports
Enquête de Médecins
du Monde March 18 2011
Books
Corbin A. Women for Hire: Prostitution and
Sexuality in France after 1850. Harvard 1996
Mathieu L. Mobilisations
de prostituées. Belin, Paris 2001
Reviews
Histoire,
économie & société
2002
Mathieu L. La Condition prostituée.
Textuel 2007
Reviews
Germany
Law
Grundgesetz:
Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Constitution) 1949, 1990
Article
1 (Protection of
human dignity).
1. The dignity of man is inviolable. To respect and
protect it is the duty of all state authority.
Article
2 (Rights of
liberty).
1.
Everyone has the right to the free development of his personality insofar as he
does not violate the rights of others or offend against the constitutional order
or the moral code.
Article
12 (Right to choose
an occupation, prohibition of forced).As amended March 19. 1956.
1.
All Germans have the right freely to choose their trade or profession their
place of work and their place of training. The practice of trades and
professions may be regulated by law.
Das
prostitutiongesetz ProstG
(Prostitution Act) 2001
(Gesetz zur Regelung
der Rechtsverhältnisse der Prostitution)
(BFSFJ: Bericht der Bundesregierung zu
den Auswirkungen des Gesetzes
zur Regelung der Rechtsverhältnisse der Prostituierten)
History
Research
Margrit
Brückner. Women in Prostitution and Social Responsibility.
Social Work Society 2008
Support,
Advocacy and Information
Forum - Deutsches Prostitutiongesetz
Media
Frau Doktor und
die Huren. Hamburger Morgenpost
Jan 21 1998
Exposing urban legends:
German women will NOT lose benefits by declining sex work. February 2005[6]
Brothels
take caring approach to sex and the senior citizen. Independent January 24 2011
Official Statistics
PROSTITUTION: Bundeslagebild Kriminalität. Unternehmerverband Erotik Gewerbe Deutschland 2009[7]
(The exercise of
Prostitution: A constitutionally protected profession in the sense of Article
12 paragraph 1 GG)
(Negotiations
in the twilight: Moments of prostitution in the past and present)
(Secret
Desire: On the Consumption of Sexual Services)
Netherlands
(Holland)
POLICY
Government
Ministry
of Foreign Affairs statement on prostitution 2005 (pdf)
Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment
(Ministerie van Sociale
Zaken en Werkgelegenheid
(SZW))
Prostitution
and exploitation 2010 (pdf)
Wetsvoorstel Regulering prostitutie en bestrijding misstanden seksbranche[8]
(Bill Regulating prostitution and abuses in the sex industry Nov 2009)
Ministry of Security and Justice: Documentation
Centre
Advocacy
De Wallenwinkel
(Prostitute Information Centre)
Research
Boutellier: Prostitution, criminal law and
morality in 
the Netherlands. Crime Law Soc Ch 1991 (pdf)
Roelof Haveman & Marjan Wijers. Sekswerk.
Nemesis 2001 (pdf)
Joyce Outshoorn. Pragmatism in the polder: Changing prostitution
policy in the Netherlands. J Contemp Eur Stud 2004
Wagenaar: Democracy and Prostitution.
Administration & Society 2006 (abstract)
See also:
(Above: Belle; Below: Wallen;
Reports
Norwegian Justice Ministry
(2004)
Netherlands Justice Ministry: Prostitution in the Netherlands. 2007 (pdf)
Dutch
shadow report CEDAW 2009 (pdf)
NGO's
notes 5th Report of Netherlands for CEDAW Feb 2009 (pdf)
Media
Dan Gardner: Coffee? Prayers? Sex? Ottawa Citizen February 23 2003
Dimming the red light:
Amsterdam cuts window displays. Spiegel Sept 21 2007
Radio
Netherlands
Legalised prostitution: a dying trade.
October 31 2006
Pimping ban in
Amsterdam? September 21 2007
Amsterdam's
Red Lights: about to go out? January 21 2008
Amsterdam
wants no business deals with prostitutes. July 17 2008
Tourists
shun Amsterdam's sex district. April 10 2009
FAQ -
Prostitution in the Netherlands. September 18 2009
Sex workers say 'no' to licensing
law. December 2 2009
(Includes audiofile)
Books
Altink S. Huizen van illusies. Bordelen en prostitutie, van Middeleeuwen tot heden. LJ Veen, Utrecht 1983
Altink S. Handel in hartstocht - Het prostitutiebedrijf in Nederland. Walburg Pers, Zutphen 1995
Altink S, Groen M, Vanwesenbeeck I. Sekswerk. Ervaringen van vrouwen in de prostitutie. SUA, Amsterdam 1991
Switzerland
Grisélidis Réal (1929-2005)
Northern Europe
Ireland
Organisations
SWAI: Sex Workers Alliance Ireland
Research
Drug Use, Sex Work and the
Risk Environment in Dublin.
NACD2009
Kathryn
McGarry: Risking Work and Working Risk: A
Phenomenology of the Risk Environment of Prostitution in Ireland. PhD Thesis Trinity College 2009
Kathryn McGarry Situating Gender and
Sexuality in Irish Legal Discourse on Prostitution. ECPR
2009
Conferences
NACD 2009: Drug Use, Sex Work and
the Risk Environment in Dublin. 2009
Media
2007
Students pay for tuition by sex work. Independent Sept 18 2007
Trafficked sex workers will no longer be deported. Post Dec 2 2007
2009
Report shows sex
workers exposed to shocking ‘violence’. Irish Examiner May 13 2009
Call
to decriminalise prostitution in Ireland. June 18
2009
2011
Group in call over prostitution law. Belfast Telegraph Jan 3
2011
Legalizing
prostitution is the only fair solution for Ireland, elsewhere. Irish Central
Jan 3 2011
Targeting
users proves successful. Irish Examiner Jan 5
Calls to make buying sex a criminal offence. Irish Examiner
Feb 3
Writers
back bid to prosecute men who pay for sex. Independent Feb 3
Prominent
Irishmen seek change to prostitution laws. Irish Times Feb 3
Moralising prohibitions upon human appetites never work.
Independent Feb 8
Revealed: the life of a 'working girl' in Ireland today.
Independent April 10
Red-light alert. Independent April 10
This
emphasis on 'trafficking' feeds sex-slavery fantasy. Independent Aug 28 2011
*Scandinavia and Nordic Council Countries
Baltic
States
Central and Eastern Europe
Central
and Eastern European Harm Reduction Network: Sex Work, HIV/AIDS and Human
Rights 2005 (pdf)
SWAN: Sex Workers' Rights Advocacy Network
Bulgaria
Political debate in
Bulgaria. Sofia Echo Aug
13 2007
Bulgaria reconsiders its position. NY Times
Oct 6 2007
Czech Republic
Prague crackdown on street
market. Prague Daily
Monitor Dec 5
Rebeka obtaining first business permit for sex work
MPEE (Magyarországi Prostituáltak Érdekvédelmi Egyesülete)
(Hungarian Prostitutes Protection Association)
Hungarian Civil Liberties Union and MPEE
Hungarian sex workers win new rights. August
2007
Sex
workers included in economy. AP Sept 25 2007
Moldova
Kontula and Saaristo. Countering trafficking in
Moldova. IOM 2009 (pdf)
Poland
Media
Poles claim 'prostitution'- for tax
purposes. Warsaw Business Journal Feb 14 2011
Research
History
Russia
Katherine
P. Avgerinos: Normalisation of prostitution in
Post-Soviet Russia. Vestnik 2006
Ukraine
Lena (SWAN)
Media
The nude radicals: feminism Ukrainian style.
Guardian April 11 2011
Southern Europe
Italy
Statute Law
Merlin
Law 1958[10]
History
Mary
Gibson: Prostitution and the State in
Research
Francesco Carchedi: Foreign Prostitution in Italy. 2000 (pdf)[11]
Daniela Danna. Donne di
Mondo[12].
Arivista Anarchica 2004
Luca Trappolin: The globalization of prostitution in Italy. Dial
Anthropol 2005 (abstract)
Campani et al: Mapping of policies affecting female
migrants. Femipol 2006 (pdf)
Giovanna
Campani: Gender and migration in Italy. Femipol 2007 (pdf)
Media
Plans
to abolish street work. Agence France Dec 21
2002
Italian
Bill to criminalise streetwork. BBC Sept 12 2003
Proposals
to allow small brothels. Christian Science Monitor February 6 2006
Italy considers criminalising clients. BBC Sept 25 2007
Dal
film alla realtà: donne mature alla
ricerca di sesso a pagamento. Corriere della Sera Oct 5 2008[13]
Non pagare la prostituta
è uno stupro.
Corriere della Sera, March
3 2010
Organisations
Comitato per i diritti civili delle prostitute
Macedonia
Portugal
(Trabalhadoras
do sexo, Lisboa, 1 de mayo 2009. Foto - Sérgio Vitorino)
Media
A prostituição é uma escolha. Jornal de Notícias 30
August 2009
Prostituição deve
ser legal: Interview with Alexandra Oliveira (video)
History
Prostitution
in Portugal: Legal Framework (pdf)
Research
Migration
Catarino C. New Female Migrants in Portugal: A State of the
Art. European Commission 2007 (pdf)
Madalena Duarte: “Tráfico de Mulheres em Portugal para fins de exploração sexual” 2008
Books
Tovar de Lemos,
A. Inquérito acerca
da Prostitução e Doencas venéreas
em Portugal, 1950. Editorial Imperio,
Lisboa 1953.
Oliveira
A. As vendedoras de ilusões : estudo sobre prostituição,
alterne e striptease. Editorial Notícias
Lisboa, 2004[14]
Spain
Organisations
APRAMP: Associacion para la Prevención, Reinserción
y Atención de la Mujer
Prostituida
IPSSE: Instituto
para la Promoción de Servicios
Especializados
AMTTTSE (Asociación
de Mujeres, Transexuales y Travestis como
Trabajadoras Sexuales en España, Málaga)
CATS (Comité
de Apoyo a las Trabajadoras del Sexo, Murcia)
CTSX (Comité
de Trabajador@s del Sexo,
Madrid)
Spain unable to to come to decision regarding law reform. Aug 29 2007
Spain
targets traffickers with aid to prostitutes. December 19 2008
Research
Rosemary Barbaret: Victimología y Prostitución UCLM 1995 (pdf)
Celia Valente: The politics
of prostitution. 2003 (pdf)
Celia Valente:
La política de la prostitución.
REIS 2004 (pdf)
Gemma Nicolás: Planteamientos feministas en torno al trabajo sexual 2005 (pdf)[15]
Rut
González: Quality of life and interpersonal needs in prostitution. Sexologia Integral
2006 (pdf)
Calidad de vida y Necesidades
Interpersonales de las mujeres
que ejercen prostitución
(pdf)
(Quality of life and interpersonal needs of women practicing
prostitution)
History
Media
“Queremos trabajar sin molestar y sin ser molestadas" Diario de Alcalá 3 March 2011
Blogosphere
Prostitución:
Una visión (sub)-objetiva, compleja y global
Western Asia
Turkey
Media
Prostitutes in south-east Turkey, Economist Jul 1 2004
Azerbaijani Prostitutes Flock to Turkey IWPR
Feb 21 2005
Turkey's Brothels Produce
Two Election Candidates.
Women's eNews July 15 2007
Turkey's sex workers seek to establish a
union. June 25 2009
A look inside Istanbul's
transsexual brothels.
Global Post Oct 7 2010
Organisations
IKGV (İnsan Kaynağını Geliştirme
Vakfı) (Human Resource Development Foundation)
Seks işçiliği
dosyasi (Sex Work Dossier)
Esin Küntay and Muhtar Çokar. Ticari Seks Medya Dosyasi (Commercial Sex) (pdf)
Research
Screening
of Sex Workers in Turkey for Chlamydia trachomatis, STD 1997 (abstract)
Books
Pinhas Ben Nahum. Prostitution in
Turkey. Kessinger 2010
Events
Seks İşçiliği ve
İnsan Hakları Sempozyumu, 5-6 Mart tarihlerinde
Ankara'da gerçekleşiyor.
(Sex
Work and Human Rights Symposium, Ankara on March 5 to 6)
Last
updated: October
24, 2011
Dr Michael Goodyear,
For any problems, please contact: mgoodyear@dal.ca