Women's Health, Studies, Feminism and Ethics

Sex Work: Migration Studies

Migration, Trafficking and Tourism

Pittsburgh Billboard 1949

UN Agencies

UN-INSTRAW (International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women)

Gender and Migration

United Nations Crime and Justice Research Institute

Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000

Texts (pdf)

Protocols:

Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish

Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women

and Children, supplementing the

United Nations Convention against

Transnational Organized Crime (Palermo 2001)[1]

Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants

by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the

United Nations Convention against

Transnational Organized Crime

The Globalization of Crime 2010[2]

Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UN.GIFT)

Global Report on Trafficking in Persons February 2009 (pdf)

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Organisations and Institutions

GAATW: Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women

Human rights and trafficking in persons. A handbook 2000 (pdf)

Collateral Damage: The impact of anti-trafficking measures on human rights 2007 (pdf)

Trafficking in Persons and the 2010 Olympics. 2009 (pdf)*

Feeling good about feeling bad: A global review of evaluation in anti-trafficking initiatives. 2010 (pdf)

Humantrafficking.org

Prevent Human Trafficking

Christina Arnold: Red card for hype on World Cup trafficking story June 2006 (pdf)*

Anti-slavery

Anti-Trafficking Monitoring Group

International Organization for Migration (IOM)

Report on Trafficking and the World Cup 2007 (pdf)*

Identity, Citizenship and Migration Centre (ICMiC), Nottingham

Centre on Migration Policy and Society (COMPAS), Oxford UK (Migrants and Labour Markets)

Anti-Slavery International
Redefining Prostitution as Sex Work 1997

Program on Human Trafficking and Forced Labor, Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, American University Washington College of Law

La Strada International

CATW: Coalition Against Trafficking in Women

Change.org: End Human Trafficking

CHANGE (Center for Health and Gender Equity)

Human Trafficking, HIV/AIDS, and the Sex Sector. Oct 2010 (pdf)

Press release Oct 28

X:talk

Human Rights, Sex Work and the the Challenge of Trafficking: Human rights impact assessment of anti-trafficking policy in the UK. 2010 (pdf)

Aim for Human Rights

The RighT guide: A tool to assess the human rights impact of anti-trafficking policies. 2010 (pdf)

Child trafficking

Childtrafficking.com

UNICEF

See also

United States

Europe

Articles and Papers

Andrea Bertone: Sexual trafficking in women. Gender Issues 2000 (pdf)

Jo Doezema: Loose women or lost women? Gender Issues 2000 (pdf)

Doezema: Western feminists' wounded attachment to the third world prostitute. Fem Rev 2001 (pdf)

Doezema: Does attention to trafficking adversly affect sex workers' rights? Reproductive Health and Rights 2002 (pdf)

Agathangelou and Ling: Desire Industries - Sex trafficking, UN peacekeeping, and the neo-liberal world order. Brown Journal of World Affairs 2003 (pdf)

Barbara Sullivan: Trafficking in women. Int Fem J Pol 2003 (pdf)

Kate Butcher: Confusion between prostitution and sex trafficking. Lancet 2003

Jennifer Block: Sex trafficking: Why the faith trade is interested in the sex trade. Conscience Summer 2004

McDonald: Traffic counts, symbols & agendas. Critique of the campaign against trafficking. Int Rev Vict 2004 (abstract)

Loff and Sanghera: Distortions and difficulties in data for trafficking. Lancet 2004 (pdf)

Doezema: Sex worker rights, abolitionism, and a rights based approach to trafficking Women in Action. 2005

Kathy Miriam: Stopping the Traffic in Women: Power, Agency and Abolition in Feminist Debates over Sex-Trafficking. J Social Philosophy 2005 (pdf)

Penelope Saunders: Determining the meaning of violence in sexual trafficking versus sex work. J Interpers Viol 2005 (abstract)

Ronald Weitzer: The growing moral panic over prostitution and sex trafficking. The Criminologist 2005 (pdf)

Melrose and Barrett: The flesh trade in Europe. Police Pract Res 2006 (abstract)

O'Connell Davidson: Will the real sex slave please stand up? Fem Rev 2006 (Word)

Giulia Garofalo: Is there another space for a feminist critique of trafficking? New Femininities 2007 (pdf)

Ronald Weitzer: The social construction of sex trafficking. Pol Soc 2007 (pdf)

Kamala Kempadoo: The war on human trafficking in the Caribbean. Race Class 2007 (abstract)

Rutvica Andrijasevic: beautiful dead bodies: gender, migration and representation in anti-trafficking campaigns. Fem Rev 2007 (pdf)

Davies and Davies: How to use a trafficked woman: The alliance between political and criminal trafficking organisations Rech Sociol Anthrop 2008 (pdf)

O'Connell Davidson. Trafficking, modern slavery and the human security agenda. Human Security J 2008 (pdf)

Janie Chuang: Rescuing trafficking from ideological capture. U Penn Law Rev 2010

Klara Skrivankova. Between decent work and forced labour: examining the continuum of exploitation. J Rowntree Foundation Nov 2010 (pdf)

Sharron Fitzgerald: The Female Diaspora: Interrogating the Female Trafficked Migrant, in Decolonisation Of Legal Knowledge In India 2009 (pdf)

Theses

John Davies: My Name is not Natasha: How Albanian women in France use trafficking to overcome social exclusion. University of Amsterdam 2009 (pdf)

Reports
Stolen Smiles: Physical and Psychological Health Consequences of Women and Adolescents Trafficked in Europe. London 2006 (pdf)[3]

Julia O'Connell Davidson. A question of Consent? Sexual slavery and sex work in the UK. ICMiC 2009 (pdf)

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*Sport and Trafficking

(see also Organisational Reports marked *)

Susanne Dodillet: Wrangling over Prostitution at the 2006 World Cup: The Swedish and German Debate. 2006

Preventing human trafficking at the 2010 Olympics. Future Group 2007 (pdf)

Metropolitan Police: Women's Safety and the policing of the 2012 Olympics. 2009

Salvation Army Campaign 2009

Research project during the World Cup gathers data on sex workers and HIV. July 12 2010

The 2012 Games and human trafficking. London Councils 2011 (pdf)

Institute for Security Studies

The Need for Evidence to Assess Concerns About Human Trafficking During the 2010 World Cup. 23 Mar 2010

Human Trafficking and the World Cup: How big is the threat? May 19

Media

Dan Gardner: Not all prostitution is sex slavery. Ottawa Citizen March 31 2006

Jerry Markon: Where is the evidence? Washington Post Sept 23 2007

Letters in Response (Sept 26)

(Printer friendly form)

Donna Hughes responds. National Review online October 1 2007

Ron Weitzer replies. National Review online Oct 22

The Elusive Link Between Sex Trafficking and Sporting Events. Wall Street Journal June 18 2010

Report:Trafficking focus takes light off other issues. Mail-Guardian June 21 2010

NPR: World Cup Avoids Flood Of Sex Workers. July 6 2010

Brendan O'Neill: Trafficking - return of the 'white slavery' scare? Spiked Jan 31 2008

Nathalie Rothschild. Fighting against slavery? Pull the other one. Spiked Sept 7 2010

The Super Bowl Prostitute Myth: 100,000 Hookers Won't Be Showing Up in Dallas. Dallas Observer News Jan 27 2011

Super Bowl hyperbole and prostitution. Toronto Star Feb 3 2011

Blogosphere

Melissa Ditmore: Sex work, Trafficking: Understanding the difference. Reproductive Health Reality Check May 6 2008

Nathalie Rothschild: More evidence that trafficking is a myth. Spiked April 27 2009

Laura Agustín. Debunking the 40 000 prostitutes story again: South Africa World Cup. June 17 2010

Commentary

Ann Jordan: Sex trafficking - The abolitionist fallacy. Foreign Policy in Focus March 2009

Migration
Laura Agustín
The (Crying) need for different kinds of research. Res Sex Work 2002 (pdf)

Sex, gender and migrations. Soundings 2003 (pdf)
Migrants who sell sex. J Ethnic Migr Stud 2006 (pdf)
The conundrum of women's agency, in O'Neill and Campbell Sex Work Now. 2006 (pdf)

Outreach with migrants who sell sex. Sexualities Oct 2007 (abstract)

Audrey Macklin: Women as migrants. Can Woman Studies 1999 (pdf)

John Davies: The role of Migration Policy in creating and sustaining trafficking harm, 2002 (pdf)

Audrey Macklin: From the borders of globalization SSRN 2004 (abstract)

Christine Hughes: The case of Migrant sex workers. Cultural Shift Nov 30 2007

Andrijasevic and Anderson. Conflicts of mobility: Migration, labour and political subjectivities. Subjectivity 2009

Rutvica Andrijasevic. Sex on the move: Gender, subjectivity and differential inclusion. Subjectivity 2009

London Metropolitan: Migrants in the UK Sex Industry

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Sexual Tourism

Jacqueline Taylor: Dollars are a girl's best friend? Female tourists' sexual behaviour in the Caribbean. Sociology 2001 (pdf)

Bender and Furman: The implications of sex tourism on men's health. Qual Report 2004 (pdf)

Media

Women who travel for sex: Sun, sea and gigolos. Independent Jul 9 2006

Women sexual tourists in Kenya. Sydney Morning Herald Nov 26 2007

Cowboys in Paradise: Sex Tourism in Bali. CBC Feb 2011

See Also: Individual Countries and Regions

Main Menu

Site Map

Last updated: October 23, 2011

Dr Michael Goodyear, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada

For any problems, please contact: mgoodyear@dal.ca

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[1] Article 3. Use of terms

For the purposes of this Protocol:

(a) “Trafficking in persons” shall mean the recruitment, transportation,

transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force

or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse

of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of

payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over

another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a

minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual

exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery,

servitude or the removal of organs;

[2] For example, in order for human trafficking to be feasible, forced labour must be cheaper than voluntary labour, even after the additional costs of securing and retaining victims are factored in. Women trafficked for sexual exploitation have to compete with voluntary sex workers, whose numbers can be expected to swell if economic conditions worsen. The growth in supply is likely to cause a drop in price, chasing what is likely to be a declining demand from a cash-strapped male population. The net result would be smaller incentives for trafficking. Similarly, sweatshop labour would have to be cheaper to maintain than a voluntary workforce, in a market where demand for manufactured products is likely to decline.

p. 32

The purveyors of trafficked women are in direct competition with both domestic and international sex workers who were not trafficked. Those who traffic women also have to consider costs. Trafficking in women can be an extremely labour-intensive process, and the prices victims reportedly command have consequently been very high. All of these factors act as constraints on the demand for women trafficked for sexual exploitation.

p. 40

The nature of the enterprise is also relevant. Human trafficking, for example, involves a lot of overheads. In the case of women trafficked to Europe for the purposes of sexual exploitation, it involves the housing and upkeep of some 140,000 workers, plus the costs of security and marketing. Turnover may be large, but profits, many of which accrue to small trafficking groups, are likely to be relatively small.

p. 275

Because globalized commerce has made it difficult to distinguish the licit from the illicit, enhanced regulation and accountability in licit commerce could undermine demand for illicit goods and services.

p. 276

Regulating the licit can curtail the illicit

p. 277

[3] For commentary, see: British Psychological Society Nov 2007