Women's Health, Studies, and Feminism

Sex Work: Scandinavia and Nordic Council Countries

 

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Denmark

Finland

Iceland

Norway

Sweden

 


Johanna Sirkiä: Prostitution laws in Finland and Sweden. Salli 2003 (rtf)

Regard sex work as any kind of work

Joint statement by VIP, PION, SALLI, SANS Expressen July 2007 “Se sex som vilket job som helst

 

PION 7 Rose Alliance. When purchase of sex is a crime. IHRA Conference 2011 (Word) 

Research

Anne Maria Holli: Debating prostitution/trafficking in Sweden and Finland. 2004 (pdf)

Nordisk tidsskift for Kriminalvidenskab 92(1) March 2005 (abstracts)

Scand J Crim Law Criminol

 

Forbud mot kjøp av sex – Erfaringer fra Sverige og Finland. Stortinget 2008   

 

Jacobsson and Kotsadam. Do attitudes toward gender equality really differ between Norway and Sweden? 2009 (pdf)

Vanja Kristine Hellevik. Positions on social vs legal measures as the proper and most effective tools in dealing with prostitution. Masters Thesis Oslo University College 2009

 

Health

Ida Blom. Fighting Venereal Diseases: Scandinavian Legislation c.1800 to c.1950. Med Hist 2006

Ida Blom. Contagion and Cultural Perceptions of Accepted Behaviour: Tuberculosis and Venereal Diseases in Scandinavia c.1900–c.1950. Hygiea 2007 (pdf)

Ida Blom. Medicine and morality – legislation on venereal diseases in Denmark and Norway c. 1900–1994. Michael 2010

 

 

 

Nordic Gender Institute (NIKK)

Prostitution in the Nordic Countries November 2008

Prostitution i Norden 2008 

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: May-Len Skilbrei (left) and Charlotta Holmström

May-Len Skilbrei (left) and Charlotta Holmström

 

Prostitution legislation: Will they go the same way? March 19 2009

Mobilising Public Opinion March 24 2009

 

 

Nordic Prostitution Policy Reform

 

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Gregg Bucken-KnappDescription: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Johan Karlsson

Gregg Bucken-Knapp, Johan Karlsson Schaffer

 

Bucken-Knapp, Gregg; Schaffer, Johan Karlsson and Persson Strömbäck, Karin, Prostitution  Policy Reform and the Causal Role of Ideas: A Comparative Study of Policy-Making in the Nordic Countries (2009). APSA 2009 Toronto Meeting 

 

Gregg Bucken-Knapp, Johan Karlsson Schaffer. The Same Policy, But Different Ideas: The Ideational Underpinnings of the Norwegian and Swedish Bans on the Purchase of Sexual Services. 2nd European Conference on Gender & Politics, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary, January 2011 (pdf)   

 

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Nordic Council

2004 Council meeting: Prostitution Control

 

Nordic Gender Institute

Nordisk institutt for kunnskap om kjønn (NIKK)

 


 

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Denmark

History

Pedersen: Prostitution in Denmark 1860-1906. Int Fed Res Women’s Hist 2003

Merete Bøge Pedersen: Tempting outcasts. On common prostitutes in the 19th century. Bibl Læger 2006;198:38-57[1]

 

Articles

Armario and Dollner: Prostitution in Denmark. Humanity in Action 2002 (pdf)

Marlene Spanger. Between Suppression and Independence. Transnational Prostitution of Black Women in Denmark. NIKK 2002 

 

Research

Merete Bøge Pedersen:The prostitution and the Constitution. Regulation of prostitution in Denmark, 1860-1906. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of History, University of Aarhus. 2003 

Claus Lautrup. Det skal ikke bare være en krop mod krop-oplevelse...”: en sociologisk undersøgelse om prostitutionskunder.  VFC Socialt Udsatte, 2005. Undersøgelsesrapport (pdf)

Emily Childers-Brocks. Approaching Prostitution: Differences Need not be Barriers : An Analysis of Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Servicestyrelsen's Prostitution Department. Masters Thesis Feb 2010, Aalborg

 

Prostitution i Danmark. Det Nationale Forskningscenter for Velfærd 2011 (pdf)

 

Agencies

Servicestyrelsen[2]

(National Board of Social Services)

Udsatte: Prostitution (Vulnerable Populations: Prostitution)

Notat om prostitutionskunder 2009 (pdf)

(Memorandum on clients of prostitution)

 

SFI: Det Nationale Forskningscenter for Velfærd

(Danish National Centre for Social Research)

90:8. Bechmann Jensen, T., Koch, I., Kongstad, A. & Dahl, A.: Prostitution i Danmark - en situationsrapport 1989. 1990.

 

Danmarks Statistik

Socialt udsatte, hjemløse og prostituerede

(Socially disadvantaged, homeless and prostitutes)

 

 

 

 

 

Organisations

Reden (Dansk)

(English)

VIP Lounge

SIO: Sexarbejdernes Interesse Organisation

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Maj Christensen

Maj Christensen

 

8th of March

 

 

Media

Bo Jensen et al. Vi anklager – Moralisme dikterer synet paa prostitution. Kristeligt Dagblad Dec 17 2009

(Our accusation: Moralism dictating prostitution policy)

Prostituerede: Kampagne mod købesex er hetz. Berlingske Tidende Aug 14 2008

(Prostitutes: Campaign on purchasing sex is a smear)

Talfusk: Færre gadeprostituerede i Danmark. Ekstra Bladet 4 July 2010  

Danskerne vil give prostituerede flere rettigheder. Altinget.dk June 10 2011   

 

Commentary

 

NPPR

The framing of sex workers as victims in Denmark. March 12 2009  

Prohibition - The Danish Frame. March 19 2009 

Denmark brothels as activation strategies for the unemployed. June 29 2010    

 

Kvinfo

Danish stance on prostitution. Dec. 2006

Prostitution of poverty or sexual self-determination? June 2010  

 

Blogs

Eini Carina Grønvold: Et forbud gavner (A Ban Benefits). Aug 28 2009

 


 

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Finland

Organisations

Salli: Sex Professionals of Finland

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Johanna SirkiäDescription: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Anna Kontula

(Johanna Sirkiä, Anna Kontula)

 

PRO tukipiste

 

NYTKIS: Naisjärjestöt Yhteistyössä - Kvinnoorganisationer i Samarbete (Coalition of Finnish Women's Associations)

 

Legislative Framework

 

Penal Code 1889[3]

Vagrancy Act 1936[4]

Aliens Act 2004[5]

Bill 31 (1996)[6]

Sex Crime Act 1998[7]

Public Order Act 2003[8]

Prostitution Act 2006

 

Helsinki City Ordinance 1999

 

Summary of laws (2002)

Ministry of Justice

Committee for Investigating the Consequences of Repeal of the Vagrant Act (1985-6)

Report recommends criminalising the purchase of sex 2003

Government adopts proposal 2005

2006 Finnish Prostitution Law: Criminalising purchase from trafficked persons only

Passed on June 21, 158:15

 

Research

Anna Kontula

Prostituutio Suomessa Prostitution in Finland 2005 (abstract - pdf)

( Svenska), (Suomeksi)

News Coverage

Seksuaalisuus seksityössä (Sexuality in sex work). Yhteispuntapoliitikka 2007 (pdf)

(Suomeksi, English Summary)

English version: The sex worker and her pleasure. Current Sociology 2008 (abstract)

(pdf)

 

Punainen eksodus: Tutkimus seksityöstä Suomessa. 2008 Thesis (pdf)

(The Red Exodus: A study on sex work in Finland)

 


 

Marjut Jyrkinen: The Organisation of Policy Meets the Commercialisation of Sex. Global Linkages, Policies, Technologies. PhD Thesis Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration. 2005 (pdf)

 

Margaretha Järvinen. Prostitution in Helsinki: A Disappearing Social Problem? J Hist Sex 1993 (abstract)   

S Tani. Bad reputation – bad reality? The intertwining and contested images of a place. Fenia 2001 (abstract)  

S Tani. Whose Place is This Space? Life in the Street Prostitution Area of Helsinki, Finland. Int J Urban Reg Res 2002 (abstract)     

Mattson: Strange bedfellows - neoliberal and sex trafficking discourses in Finland. ASA 2003

Anne-Maria Marttila. Consuming sex - Finnish Male Clients and Russian and Baltic Prostitution. Gender and Power in the New Europe 2003 (pdf)  

Anne Maria Holli: Towards a new prohibitionism? Prostitution policies in Finland 2004

in: Outshoorn: The Politics of Prostitution

Sofia Lindqvist. Sex som konsumtionsartikel: – legitimering av sexköp via köns- och sexualitetsdiskurser. Master's Thesis, Economics and Social Sciences, Åbo Akademi 2006 (pdf)   

Helen Self: The Swedish Model 2005 (pdf)

Judit Strömpl: Narratives about the mission of migrant prostitutes in Finland. Finn J Ethnicity Migration 2007 pp 11-19 (pdf)

Anne-Maria Marttila. Consuming the other- Prostitution clients on a 'Transnational red-light district'  ESA 2007 (pdf)  

Elina Ihamäki: Sex trafficking from Russia to Finland. 2008 (pdf)

Elina Aaltio. Vapaaksi marginaalista – marginaalista vapautta. Naisliikkeen ja prostituoitujen etuliikkeen kamppailu seksin oston kriminalisoinnista 2002–2006. TANE 2009 (pdf)

(with English summary: Freedom from the margins – marginal freedom. The struggle between the women’s movement and prostitutes’ advocacy movement regarding the criminalisation of paid sex, 2002–2006. Council for Equality Social Affairs and Health)

 

 

Media

Sex for sale in Oulu. 65 Degrees North 2006

Finns pass anti-prostitution law BBC June 21 2006 

Most sex workers independent. Helsingin Sanomat Oct 28 2007

Men who buy sex. Helsingen Sanomat Oct 31

Bauvois G: The reality of prostitution in Finland. Helsinki Times February 2008

Anna Kontula speaks on behalf of sex workers. Helsinki Times Sept 7 2008

Seksityön tutkija sallisi osuuskuntabordellit. Taloussanomat Oct 1 2008

     TV Interview with Anna Kontula October 2008 (Suomeksi) 

Finland’s prostitution laws strike delicate balance. Helsinki Times March 17 2010 

 

Commentary

Racism in the Sex Trade in Finland.  NIKK 2002

 

NPPR

Finland's prostitution law and the hope of Nordic unity NPPR December 10 2009

The Happy Whore and the Victim of Human Trafficking – Stereotypes Prevail in Finnish Debate on Sex Work. March 8 2011    

 

 

 


 

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Iceland

Media

Iceland amends prostitution laws. Iceland Review March 27 2007

Iceland to ban stripping and prostitution. Iceland Review March 18 2009

Iceland bans purchase of sex. Fréttir April 21 2009

Big Sister Watches Buyers of Prostitution in Iceland. Iceland Review October 19 2011 


 

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Norway

Norwegian Government

Norwegian Justice Ministry comparison of Swedish and Dutch models 2004 - Abbreviated English version  (pdf)

(Norsk)

PDF version (Norsk)

 

Criminalising the purchase of sexual activity December 1 2008

Bill (pdf) (Norsk, Engelsk)

 

Groups

Pro Sentret

2009 Report (pdf)

(English summary)

 

PION: Prostituertes Interesseorganisasjon I Norge

Sexhandel.no (Norsk, Engelsk)

 

Research

 

Kilden: Informasjonssenter for kjønnsforskning

Astrid Renland. Trafficking of children and minors to Norway. ECPAT 2001 (pdf)   

May-Len Skilbrei: Norwegian massage parlours in the 1990s. Fem Rev 2001 (abstract)

Skilbrei and Polyakova: "My life is to short I want to live now" (Norsk) (pdf)

Irina Polyakova: A qualitative study of transnational prostitution to Norway. MA Thesis (Sociology) U Oslo 2007

"Unge jenter tilbys jobb i utlandet" – en kvalitativ studie av transnasjonal prostitusjon til Norge fra Øst-Europa (pdf)

Media: Dagbladet Oct 23 2007 (Norsk)

 

Prostitution, Gender and Migration

 

Papers

Liv Jessen: Prostitution seen as violence against women 2002

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(Liv Jesssen,[9] Pro Sentret, recipient of 2004 Amnesty human rights prize)

 

Liv Jessen: Small, big and strong Amnesty September 23 2004 (Norsk)

Prostitutes from Norway and Sweden thank Amnesty September 27 2004 (Norsk)

 

Media

Call for crackdown Aftenposten April 17 2007

Norway set to make buying sex illegal Guardian April 23 2007

Labour votes to ban purchase of sex Aftenposten April 24 2007

Nordmenn trenger prostituerte Nettavisen April 24 2007 

Prostitutes fume as Norway bids to criminalise sex purchases Sunday Times July 22 2007

Norway introduces bill to ban purchase of sex. April 18 2008

Fewer prostitutes, but conditions worsen after new law in Norway AFP February 9 2009

Prostitutes back on Oslo streets. Norwegian Post 26 October 2009 

Sexmarkedet flyttes over til nett. TV2 Nyhetene April 4 2011

Vil fjerne sexkjøploven. TV2 Nyhetene April 20 

 

Commentary

Den unorske prostitusjonen: De nigerianske prostituerte solgte sex på feil måte, derfor grep det norske samfunnet inn. May-Len Skilbrei, Dagbladet Feb 10 2009  

(Adapted from Norske seksualiteter)

Sexkjøpsloven og andre helllige kuer. Amnesty May 12 2011  

 

NPPR

Skilbrei on un-Norwegian prostitution. February 12 2009  

Race and prostitution in Norway. February 24 2009  

Contra bonos mores and the sex purchase ban in Norway. April 7 2009

The rise and fall of the Joint Action in Norway. June 8 2010

 

Blogs

Laura Agustín: Anti-trafficking news from Norway. January 9 2009

 

Books

Liv Jessen (ed.): Det ideelle offer? Andre tekster om prostitusjon, Oslo: Koloritt Forlag, 2007.

May-Len Skilbrei. Nigeriansk prostitusjon på norsk: Feil kvinner på feil sted, in Wencke Mühleisen & Åse Røthing (eds.) Norske seksualiteter, Cappelen, Oslo 2009 

 


 

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Sweden


 

 

 

(see also Europe)

 

 

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Last updated: October 21, 2011

 

 

 

Dr Michael Goodyear, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada

For any problems, please contact: mgoodyear@dal.ca



[1] The subject of the article is the regulation of prostitution in Denmark in 1874-1906. The Act on Measures to Combat the Spread of Venereal Infection of April 10th 1874 was passed on the basis of a growing fear of venereal diseases. The Act of 1874 made it possible for the police to enlist women as common prostitutes and thereby subjecting them to weekly control and to different measures of punishment. The article presents the themes discussed in the prostitution debate and illustrates how complex the sanitary control system was.

[2] The Danish Research Centre on Social Vulnerability (Videns og Formidlingscenter for socialt Udsatte), including the Prostitution Unit (Kompetancecenter Prostitution), was incorporated into the Servicestyelsen in 2007. Some earlier reports are no longer available but are listed here for reference (Menneskehandel 2009 (pdf) , De færreste mænd køber sex 2009 )

 

[3] Criminalised prostitution and pimping, but in practice was tolerated. Decriminalization of prostitution, but not pimping 1936, replaced by Vagrancy Act. 1998 Amendment partially criminalised the purchase of sex

[4] Amended 1974, 1976, 1980, 1982. Allowed any person earning money by immoral means to be detained in a social welfare institution. Repealed 1987, by Intoxicant Abuse Act 1986, leaving pimping as the remaining legislation.

[5] (Foreign Nationals Act). Succeeded 1991 Act. 1999 amendment prohibited the entry of known prostitutes

[6] Private member’s Bill criminalizing purchase of sex

[7] Criminalises purchase of sex under 18 years of age, domestically or internationally and pandering. Penal code amendment 563/1998. Criminal Code c20 ss8,9

[8] Prohibits purchase or offer of sex in public places

[9] What makes you a human being? ... Most philosophers describe a human being as a person with free will and, accordingly, one who is responsible for her choices. It is choice that makes you a human being; a subject in your own life. A Norwegian philosopher Hans Skjervheim talks about objectifying other people: ‘By objectifying the other person, you attack the other person’s freedom. One who is cunningly objectifying the other is master.’ ... What has this to do with people who sell sex? ... Radical feminist theory states that it is men who are in power; who can choose. The prostitute is a victim—an object, or less—forced to sell sex for whatever reason.... As long as they do not recognise the prostitute’s right to choose, for whatever reason, her own life, they will deprive one group of women of their human right to self-determination. This is also why they never listen to prostitutes with whom they disagree. These prostitutes ‘do not know what’s good for them; they have ‘false consciousness,’ because no woman can, in this analysis, choose prostitution. ... Prostitutes who disagree with them politically or otherwise are objectified and looked upon as children, not capable of making their own choices... I have always believed that the essence of feminism was to fight for the rights of every woman to choose her own life; to be a subject in her own life; to be a hero in her own life. Whether I disagree with her choices is irrelevant: she has the right to choose. The right to choose is in fact what makes one human; what makes one a person”.

Liv Jessen: European Conference on Sex Work, Human Rights, Labour and Migration, Brussels (2005)