Eugenio Montale, 1896-1981
A FEW PERSONAL COMMENTS
These beautiful bare-knuckled poems give me the chance to fill empty space (I can't do it in Italian as my usual format would require, sorry!). So here are a few personal comments. Because this is likely the last time I'll do a translation from a language other than my native German (really: Viennese).
And because these twin Montales deal with poetry and contain many metaphors. You know that AOL (Appreciation of Literature) courses always remark on the role of metaphors in poems. But poems - the good and genuine ones, anyway - do not merely CONTAIN metaphors. They ARE metaphors. For, as Marshall McLuhan famously taught, "the medium is the message".
So this is as good an occasion as any to answer the unanswerable question my readers ask of me and I ask of myself:
WHAT IS A POEM?
A frequent question, that. But my readers might as well have asked, what is a (the, my) soul, what is a (the, my) God?
Because everybody's word for poetry/soul/God means something different. Everyman is not average man. No matter: In my Father's house are many dwellings. These words are metaphors. Metaphoric words are of a particular kind, of a minor but very important category.
The other, the "regular" kinds of words, we might describe as terms or definitions. Both metaphors and definitions offer explanations of sorts, but of very different origin and purpose. If I may exaggerate: Metaphors speak to the spirit of the soul, definitions to the machine of the body - and never mind that the hypothetical split of the human into soul and body is in itself a metaphor. And a myth. But, believe me, an extremely helpful one...
Metaphors are wide and beckoning, definitions are narrow and restricting. They have to be, that's their nature. They would be of little use otherwise.
Metaphors are the great repositories of the human spirit. They transmit the knowledge that regular words can't. And the metaphor of the human soul is what we call "myth" (or, mutatis mutandis, tribal memory, archetype, oral tradition, art...).
Myth, as Joseph Campbell once famously remarked, "...is what never has been and what forever will be." What a brilliant, what a confusing and spirited, what a non-sensical and insightful sentence!
Because, as he might as well have said, a metaphor (a poem, a soul, a God) is what never has been and what forever will be...
Having spoken of Joseph Campbell, he of "The Hero with a Thousand Faces" fame, I should also mention one of his other insights, dutifully paraphrased for the occasion. What happens when metaphor is turned into definition? (Its mirror image, i.e. what happens when definition is turned into metaphor, is also most interesting. However, I'll leave that up to our do-gooders and perpetual hawkers of spin to explore and exploit.)
When metaphor is turned into definition, when myth is turned into history, mankind commits the non-forgiveable "Sin against the Holy Spirit".
The metaphorical truth turns into a physical lie; the wide horizon into a narrow circle; the soul into a spinnable hence manipulable hence enforceable archive of required rules of behavior.
Too bad. But human, only too human. Homo hominem lupus...
So what about a rule or a ruler for what a poem is? It is this: Forget the rule, forget the ruler. Feel the poem...